Ejecta distribution and momentum transfer from oblique impacts on asteroid surfaces

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission will impact its target asteroid, Dimorphos, at an oblique angle that not be known prior to the impact. We computed iSALE-3D simulations of DART-like impacts on asteroid surfaces different angles and found vertical momentum transfer efficiency, $\beta$, is similar for angles, however, imparted reduced as decreases. It expected from a 45$^\circ$ by up 50\% compared The direction ejected normal surface, however it observed `straighten up' with crater growth. iSALE-2D provide context simulation results show ejection varies both properties While relatively insensitive porosity, 30$^\circ$ coefficient internal friction. presented in this paper can help constrain DART ejecta cone, which imaged LICIACube. here represent basis empirical scaling relationship used framework determine analytical approximation component momentum, $\beta-1$, given properties.